Generalised and regional soft tissue pain syndromes. The role of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Physicians. The European perspective based on the best evidence

Abstract

One of the objectives of the Professional Practice Committee (PPC) of the Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (PRM) Section of the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) is the development of the field of competence of PRM physicians in Europe. To achieve this objective, lUEMS PRM Section PPC has adopted a systematic action plan of preparing a series of papers describing the role of PRM physicians in a number of disabling health conditions, based on the evidence of effectiveness of PRM interventions. Generalised and regional soft tissue pain syndromes constitute a major problem leading to loss of function and disability, resulting in enormous societal burden. The aim of this paper is to describe the unique role of PRM physicians in the management of these disabling conditions that require not only pharmacological interventions but also a holistic approach including the consideration of body functions, activities and participation as well as contextual factors as described in the ICE Evidence-based effective PRM interventions include exercise and mulficomponent treatment including a psychotherapeutic intervention such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBI) in addition to exercise, the latter based on strong evidence for reducing pain and improving quality of life in fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Balneotherapy, meditative movement therapies, and acupuncture have also been shown as efficacious in improving symptoms in FMS. Emerging evidence suggests the use of transcranial magnetic or direct current stimulation (rTMS or tDCS) in FMS patients with intractable pain not alleviated by other interventions. Graded exercise therapy and CBT are evidence-based options for chronic fatigue syndrome. The use of some physical modalities and manipulation for myofascial pain syndrome is also supported by evidence. As for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), strong evidence exists for rTMS and graded motor imagery as well as moderate evidence for mirror therapy. Interventional techniques such as blocks and spinal cord stimulation may also be considered for CRPS based on varying levels of evidence. PRM physicians' functioning oriented approaches on the assessment and management, adopting the ICF as a reference, may well meet the needs of patients with soft tissue pain syndromes, the common problems for whom are loss of function and impaired quality of life. Availa-ble evidence for the effectiveness of PRM interventions serves as the basis for the explicit role of PRM specialists in the management of these health conditions.