Electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha: A review

Abstract

In this review, we focus on recent developments in nonlabeled@label-free and labeled@sandwich assay concepts of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) using numerous electrochemical approaches. The fundamental role of such nanostructured materials for the improvement of the analytical response and thus the analytical figures of merit of various TNF-alpha sensing operations were revealed. Also, this examination focused on recent developments in immuno-electrochemical cytokine TNF-alpha sensors based on nanostructured materials from 2006 to 2019.