Acetylsalicylic acid assisted hydrothermal growth of NiO, CuO and Co3O4 nanostructures and their application in the electro-catalytic determination of nalbuphine hydrochloride

Abstract

This study describes the hydrothermal synthesis of NiO, CuO and Co3O4 nanostructures using acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as a growth-controlling/directing agent. The as-synthesised nanostructures were shown to possess unique structural features and distinct morphologies, portraying the efficiency of ASA as a suitable growth modifier. The formed metal oxide nanostructures, when used for electrode modification purposes, exhibited excellent electrocatalytic capabilities against the oxidation of nelbuphine hydrochloride (NAL) in aqueous buffer solution. The modified electrodes exhibited distinct electrochemical characteristics, with CuO-based electrodes exhibiting a superior signal sensitivity and lower over-potential value compared to the NiO and Co3O4 nanostructures. The study further explores the variation in the observed electro-catalytic oxidation signal referenced to the distinct morphologies of the metal oxides nanostructures. The CuO-based electrode was selected for the sensitive quantification of NAL in aqueous solution over the linear range 0.001-2.25 mu M. The electrode demonstrated excellent working linearity, with signal sensitivity achieved down to 1 x 10(-4) mu M. Moreover, the successful quantification of NAL in complex matrices, such as human urine and clinical waste water, further reflected the analytical capability of the proposed sensor.